Psychological Impact of the 2025 Pahalgam Terrorist Attack on Tourists: Exploring Long-Term Effects

Abstract

On 22nd April 2025 Pahalgam terrorist attack was an attack on tourists by five armed Islamist militants near Pahalgam in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir sent shockwaves through India's tourism landscape, particularly affecting perceptions of safety among potential and past tourists (2025 Pahalgam attack). This qualitative study seeks to explore the long-term psychological effects of the attack on tourists who were not directly present at the site but were influenced by the incident through planned travel, post-visit reflections, or media exposure. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 30 participants, the research aims to understand how such violent events shape emotional responses, alter travel behavior, and affect long-term mental well-being. The study adopts a purposive sampling approach, dividing the participants into three groups: those who canceled or altered their travel plans, those who visited Pahalgam after the attack, and those who were exposed to the incident through media coverage. Using thematic analysis, the research uncovers key psychological themes such as heightened anxiety, fear of the unknown, risk aversion, and shifts in destination preferences. Additionally, participants express varying levels of trust in security mechanisms and media narratives, which in turn influence their coping strategies and future travel decisions. Findings suggest that even indirect exposure to terrorism can result in significant emotional and behavioral responses, particularly among frequent or sensitive travelers. The study also highlights how individuals negotiate between personal safety and their desire for exploration, revealing the complex interplay between psychological resilience and perceived threat. Overall, the research contributes to the growing body of literature on the psychological impact of terrorism on tourism, offering valuable insights for policymakers, mental health professionals, and tourism stakeholders in designing more responsive, supportive, and secure travel environments. This study emphasizes the need to consider psychological dimensions when addressing the aftermath of terrorist events, especially in regions heavily dependent on tourism for economic and cultural vitality.